Australia’s Pilbara Minerals (ASX: PLS) is warning that the country’s lithium industry is losing ground to faster-moving competitors, particularly Brazil, where the miner says it has found operations to be smoother and more cost-effective than at home.

Speaking at the WA Mining Club in Perth on Thursday, chief executive officer Dale Henderson said that while Brazil’s Minas Gerais state shares many similarities with Western Australia, the regulatory and operational environment there has so far proven more favorable for mining companies. “We would join the chorus of many others who say it’s got more difficult [in Australia],” Henderson told attendees. “This state, and Australia at large, has been leading the world in resources, but we can lose that mantle.”

Pilbara Minerals completed a A$560 million ($363 million) acquisition earlier this year to secure its foothold in Brazil, part of a broader strategy to diversify geographically and strengthen supply chain resilience. Henderson said that after only a few months on the ground, the company’s experience in Brazil underscored the competitive pressures facing Australian miners.

Henderson cautioned that while Australia remains a dominant player in lithium production, other jurisdictions are growing faster. “Others are growing faster. We’re regressing relative to the rest,” he said. “If we don’t have a successful upstream, we certainly can’t have successful downstream – one leads to the other.” The comments highlight mounting concerns within Australia’s mining sector that regulatory delays, high energy costs, and slow infrastructure development are eroding the country’s global advantage in critical minerals. Henderson urged the government to refocus policy on competitiveness, emphasizing that shared infrastructure and energy availability should be top priorities.

Henderson pointed to the Lumsden Point port development in Western Australia as a model of effective government intervention. “That’s a no-brainer,” he said. “Then after that, it is power infrastructure. Those would be really the two key areas.”

Energy costs were singled out as a growing obstacle for lithium producers. Henderson noted that at Pilbara’s Salinas project in Brazil, electricity is expected to cost between A4–5 cents per kilowatt hour, less than half the A10–20c/kWh currently paid in the Pilbara. “Australia should have low-cost power. We’ve got the space. We’ve got the solar, wind – you name it,” he said. “That’s a key place for government to play – to leverage the incredible strengths we’ve got to bring that cost of power down.”

Market Volatility and Industry Outlook

The Pilbara chief also reflected on the challenges of operating in a still-maturing lithium market characterized by extreme price swings. Pilbara Minerals has endured wide fluctuations in spodumene prices, from lows of around $400 per tonne in 2019 to over $8,000/t during the 2022 boom. Henderson said such volatility was typical of an industry still developing mechanisms for reliable price discovery.

“It explains some of the outsized responses you can get from news or gossip, but ultimately, I think that will get remedied as the industry grows,” he said.

Despite short-term instability, Henderson maintained a positive long-term view. He said the company sees recent price gains as a sign of recovery, with spodumene rising above $900/t last month, up from around $600/t in July. “Our view remains that there’s a structural deficit to emerge, ultimately, given the strong growth, the strong growth drivers and the absence of supply chain investment,” he said. “The big question everyone is wrestling with is when?”

Brazil as a Competitive Benchmark

The contrast between conditions in Brazil and Australia appears to be reinforcing Pilbara Minerals’ strategy to internationalize its operations. Minas Gerais, a state long associated with iron ore and industrial minerals, is emerging as a new hub for lithium development, supported by improving infrastructure and a growing domestic battery materials industry.

For Pilbara, which has built its reputation as one of the world’s leading spodumene producers, Brazil offers not only a hedge against market and policy risks at home but also a testing ground for how quickly other nations can build competitive supply chains.

Henderson’s comments underscore a growing sentiment in Australia’s mining industry: that the nation’s leadership in critical minerals is not guaranteed. With rising costs, slower permitting, and intensifying global competition, miners are increasingly looking abroad for growth—and Brazil, it seems, is quickly becoming one of the preferred destinations.